The Process of Patent Assignment

Assignment has two related meanings in the world of inventing and patenting. For trademarks,  an assignment  is a transfer of ownership of a trademark application or trademark registration from one entity to another, and for patents, an assignment involves the sale and transfer of ownership of a patent by the assignor to the assignee. The assignee is the entity that is the recipient of a transfer of a patent application, patent, trademark application, or trademark registration from its owner on record, the assignor. In patent assignments, the assignor will make an instant profit off of selling its patent, while the assignee gets rights to royalties and all future profits from the invention. You can assign the ownership of a patent application or patent. For all U.S. patents, assignments are recorded with the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) Assignment Services Division to keep the title clear  to pending patent applications and patents;  assignments can be searched on the USPTO website. Assignments arent always a voluntary transaction. For instance, an employee invention may be mandatorily assigned by an employee to the employer because of the contract that the employee has signed. For this reason, there are a number of laws and regulations surrounding patent assignments  that govern how the patent is handled and who owns individual patents. In contrast to patent licensing, an assignment is an irrevocable and permanent transfer of ownership. How to Apply Whether youre hoping to change ownership to another entity or party through assignment or hoping to change the name of a patent while its pending approval, you need to fill out an official Patent Assignment Recordation Coversheet by completing online forms at the USPTOs Assignment Recordation Branch website. This online system, known as the Electronic Patent Assignment System (EPAS), can be used to submit your cover sheet and supporting legal documentation online, which the USPTO will then process. If you are unsure about whether your patent has been granted an assignment, you can search  the database of all recorded patent assignment information, which dates back to 1980. For patents earlier than 1980, you can go to the National Archives and Records Administration and request a copy of accompanying paperwork. How Long It Takes and Why According to the USPTO, getting a patent can take up to three years, so if youre hoping to start making money off of a new invention, selling the patent for your product and applying for a patent assignment may be the fastest way to actually see a return of investment on your new creation. Although the patent application assignment wont get your patent faster, it can assure the inventor and assignee are protected when it comes to ownership and rights. As a result, an assignment may be appropriate where the patent owner prefers to receive a lump-sum price at the time of the assignment rather than collecting royalties. Since a patent prevents other manufacturers from re-creating and selling your original concept, both you and the assignee would benefit from ensuring that once the invention becomes officially patented, it belongs to the right individual and no one else.

Personal Narrative Brother And College - 958 Words

Brother and college The day I let him go, the day he left me for college. It was sad but why today, I loved him and I didn’t want to let him go. What would I do without him. All I wanted was for him to stay but he was leaving me and I have to live with it. When your son, daughter, brother, or sister leaves for college you know you did good but now it’s over you won’t see them everyday. My brothers name is Nir he was so supportive. I put on my white colored cleats, and my dad comes in. says that â€Å"You can’t come to the airport with us. You’ll be at soccer practice and it will be harder for you if you are there.† He says. When I heard this I knew I would regret not going but my dad knows best. But I knew I wanted to come but how would I do†¦show more content†¦He lets go of me and I try not to keep holding on but I just keep crying but I just couldn t just let him go. I get out of the house and get into the car. I keep crying for a little bit more, but when I get to my friends house I stop, well for a few seconds. I sat there for a while and thought what would I do, he’s leaving for college. My dad tells me it will all be ok and he will come back. I said to him, but it’s not that easy. He tells me he has to get my brother to the airport so I go. but inside I couldn t stop crying. I knocked on the door and saw my friend, she was so happy so I thought if she is happy so should I. She lets me in and I go straight to her room running. I couldn t keep it in. My cry was to hard it was impossible not to see it. She came in the room like I wanted to play on the computer but that wasn’t it. She saw me and asked what s the problem. I tell her that my brother is leaving for college. She asked me what school? I told her Boston University in Massachusetts, all the way across the country. Then her step brother came in and saw me crying. H e asked what happened. I explained what happened to him, but he thought that I still had a few more years and thought that I only had 1 brother. He asked me what is he doing there? I tell him Biomedical Engineering. That’s when we had to leave to soccer but we didn’t because her dad wasn’t there so in the end I didn’t go and I was annoyed at my dad. I get home andShow MoreRelatedHarmony at Home1225 Words   |  5 PagesSoto. â€Å"Looking for Work† is a narrative of a nine year old Mexican American boy who really desires his family to be the perfect family. His assertion is that he is looking back on his childhood, but tells the story as a child’s point of view. The narrative is placed in the nineteen fifty’s, and focuses on his family experience. The essay indicates the boy lives with his mother, sister, and brother. The boy is the middle child in the family, and he has an older brother and a younger sister. 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Everyo ne wants to get through life like anybody elseRead MoreEnglish 1011689 Words   |  7 PagesThrough her research one can compare her findings to Mike Rose’s narrative, I Just Wanna Be Average, to be true and insightful. Rose speaks of his high school life as an underachiever as well as his ability to break free from the mold that he was once placed in. Comprehending both Anyon and Rose, I, myself, have come face to face with the challenges of teachers and the education system. By analyzing Anyon’s findings to Rose and my own personal experience can one consider the socio-economic class true andRead MoreThe Damaging Effect Of Sports On Women924 Words   |  4 Pagesyoung age that they are not meant to like sports. In order to enforce this claim, Nelson uses the rhetorical strategy of narrative. 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Lois Leveen gives

Arithmetic Mean and Control Groups free essay sample

1. What demographic variables were measured at least at the interval level of measurements? Marital status should be the interval level of measurement. The distance between being single and married is significant when it comes to fatigue and shared duties if the married couples are living together. 2. What statistics were used to describe the length of labor in this study? Were these appropriate? Both the experimental and control groups used means and standard deviations to describe the length of labor. Yes these statistics are appropriate. 3. What other statistic could have been used to describe the length of labor? Provide a rationale for your answer. We will write a custom essay sample on Arithmetic Mean and Control Groups or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Mode could also have been used in this study and it would have provided an insight to the most common length of labor. Median would be more informative as it would provide the middle point for labor length. 4. Were the distributions of scores similar for the experimental and control groups for the length of labor? Provide a rationale for your answer. I do not believe so. The standard deviation for the experimental group was only slightly higher at 7. 78hrs than that of the control group’s 7. 2hrs, however the mean of the experimental group of 14. 63hrs is much higher than the control group’s 12. 70hrs. Having an average labor time of almost 2 hours more is significant. Having a similar SD suggests very similar outliers in each group with no radical deviation. 5. Were the experimental and control groups similar in their type of feeding? Provide a rationale for your answer. Yes. Bottle-feeding was the mode for the experimental (53. 1%) and the control (50%) groups since it was the most frequent type of feeding used by both groups 6. What was the marital status mode for the subjects in the experimental and control groups? Provide both the frequency and percentage for the marital status mode for both groups. â€Å"Married† is the highest mode for both groups in the study In the experimental group, the frequency 25 and 78. 1% In the control group, the frequency 31 and 86. 1% 7. Could a median be determined for the education data? If so, what would the median be for education for the experimental and the control groups? Provide a rationale for answer Yes. Education variables have a median equal to 11 for the experimental group and the median equal to 13 for Control group. The control group has more high school education than the experimental group 8. Can the findings from this study be generalized to Black women? Provide a rationale for your answer. The sample results are not reflective of black women due to predominantly White, 92% and 96. 55% in both the experimental and control groups. 9. If there were 32 subjects in the experimental group and 36 subjects in the control group, why is the income data only reported for 30 subjects in the experimental group and 34 subjects in the control group? Because the data is lacking accuracy due to missing variables. 10. Was the sample for this study adequately described? Provide a rationale for your answer. The sample of the study was not adequately described because the experimental group numbers do not add up to 32 and the control group do not have a total of 36 subjects. Also the percentages also do not add up to 100% due to missing data.

Relational Model and Missing Information

Questions: 1. What is the problem? What are the requirements needed in order to solve that problem? 2. Why do you need to solve that problem? 3. How is it to be solved? Answers: Summary Relational databases are used in most of the business organizations as well as educational institutions to store, maintain and utilize dynamic data. Dr. E.F. Codd applied various mathematical theories to design efficient relational databases. These can be classified into several groups: Analysing requirements: involves analysing the business and its activities, functionalities and identifying the business as a whole (Thakkar Kosta, 2014) Data modelling: it involves logical structuring of database using various graphical modelling tools such as Entity-Relationship diagram, Data-Flow diagram, UML tools etc Normalizing: decompose the large tables into smaller relations to eliminate the chances of redundant and duplicate records 1. What is the problem? What are the requirements needed in order to solve that problem? It is very important for any organization to have a properly designed Database Management System in order to facilitate easy and effective database transactions, data update or modifications as well as insertion of new data in the database. An efficient DBMS provides a smart and effective design which implements all of the above requirements. Without a proper database model design an organization is sure to meet a lot of problems and difficulties in their business functions. Without properly modelling the database system for a particular organization, it becomes more and more complex and difficult to manage the increasing amount of data. With growing complexity, it is often time-confusing or even impossible to retrieve a desired record or information from the large pool of data (Selamat, Nguyen Haron, 2013). Database that contains large variety of data belonging to several individual entities, are hard to customize, manipulate or access by the database end-users. Security is a very important factor when it comes to storing organizations confidential information. Only a proper design model can ensure the security of database contents. Often, databases contain multiple copies of similar data (i.e. data redundancy) thus unnecessarily increasing the size of data. It also causes various data anomalies such insert, update and delete anomalies. An organization has lots of employees. Hence, it needs to provide a multi-user environment for its database users because multiple employees may need to access same data at the exact same time concurrently (Zhou, 2014). Absence of concurrency control strategies is sure to violate or distort the data in the database. The basic database requirements any organization needs to fulfil are described below. It needs to keep a directory like structure for supporting a strongly-typed database schema that only allows storing structured information. Database objects and entities have complex relationships. There should be a proper method to represent those relationships in a simple and comprehensible manner. Data integrity should always be maintained so that availability of valid, reliable and up-to-date data is ensured (Lo Hung, 2014). A good database design requires removing all existing data redundancies and repetitions in order to avoid data anomalies. Optimized method to re-organize and reassemble data in many possible ways. There should be multiple layers of data abstraction such as logical and physical level of database to implement data transparency. 2. Why do you need to solve that problem? The significance of Database Management Systems is very much evident for business industries and organizations because they require providing highly efficient mechanisms for organising, managing and handling multiple data. The above mentioned problems and issues regarding database need to be resolved in order to facilitate an efficient DBMS. It is next to impossible to manually enter and retrieve a relevant record from the vast pool or chunk of data stored in the database (Kroenke Auer, 2013). For instance, an organization keeps records about its employees, customers, manufacturers, products, services, payments, transactions and delivery and many more. All those data belonging to separate entities need to be structured and classified to suit the requirements of the company. 3. How is it to be solved? A relational database refers to a collection of two or more tables or relations in which each record is represented in a row and termed as tuple and each attribute or characteristic is presented in columns or fields. It is a tool to logically design the schema to support data independence (JakovljeviĆ¡, 2012). Enforcing relational database constraints: By implementing relational model the accepted input values for a specific column or field can be restricted. Other integrity constraints such as domain integrity, entity and referential integrity constraints are required to be implemented. Following the basic relational database principles essentially removes most of the complicacies and complexities of database. Learning and Recommendations Using relational database, data can be represented in a highly distributed fashion. The logical model of relational database shows the data transparency to various levels of users. Proper use of keys is essential for implementing a successful relational design. Primary key is set for each entity so that one can easily distinguish the records in a table. Using SQL separate tables are interlinked with JOIN operations by connecting the primary and foreign keys. Relational modelling can be used to identify the relationships among entities, establish access regulations and support data consistency. Moreover, NULL values should be treated carefully depending on the context and meaning they represent (Hoffer, Ramesh Topi, 2013). Security controls are employed more easily using sequence, triggers and various relational constraints such as domain key, check and unique constraints, NOT NULL constraints, primary and foreign key constraints etc. The proper utilization of relational modelling tools removes any kind of data ambiguity that might exist in the database. Conclusion Relational database design is used to create the logical structure of the database. It gives potential benefit to the users of database by facilitating data independence and precision. Various data manipulation languages such SQL are used to store and extract data. The advantage of running query language over relations is the user does not need to know how the database works or what the physical structure (e.g. indexing, clustering etc) of the database is (Atay, 2014). Relational databases are essentially centralized and managed by the DBA. Additionally, it prevents the need of searching the whole database sequentially to retrieve a particular record. The purpose of applying relational design techniques is to maximize the database performance and efficiency. Reference List Atay, C. (2014). An Implementation of Bitemporal Relational Database Management Systems. Pamukkale J Eng Sci, 20(2), 54-62. doi:10.5505/pajes.2014.25743 Hoffer, J., Ramesh, V., Topi, H. (2013). Modern database management. Boston: Pearson. Jakovljevi, S. (2012). Relational Model and Missing Information. JITA, 3(1). doi:10.7251/jit1201032j Kroenke, D., Auer, D. (2013). Database concepts. Boston: Pearson. Lo, C., Hung, H. (2014). Towards a UML Profile to Relational Database Modeling. Appl. Math. Inf. Sci., 8(2), 733-743. doi:10.12785/amis/080233 Selamat, A., Nguyen, N., Haron, H. (2013). Intelligent information and database systems. Berlin: Springer. Thakkar, A., Kosta, Y. (2014). Improving Efficiency of Relational Classification Technique Based on Relational Database Using Contribution of Tables. International Journal Of Data Mining And Emerging Technologies, 4(1), 1. doi:10.5958/2249-3220.2014.00015.9 Tian, L., Zhu, Y., Zhu, H. (2012). A Relational Data-based Lightweight Workflow Engine Model. IJEME, 2(4), 1-8. doi:10.5815/ijeme.2012.04.01 Yue, L. (2014). Relational Database Architecture Refine Based on the Storage Space Estimate. AMM, 536-537, 647-652. doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.536-537.647 Zhou, X. (2014). Research on XML Documents and Relational Database Mapping Based on XML Schema. AMM, 599-601, 1683-1687. doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.599-601.1683

Catch 22 And A Few Good Men Essays - English-language Films

Catch 22 And A Few Good Men Catch-22 and A Few Good Men Catch-22 is a novel about the Second World War. It is set on the island of Pianosa, which is off the coast of Italy. It is set in the end of the war while the Germans are on the run and being pushed out of Italy. The book focuses on a bomb group, more specifically a squadron in which a bombardier named Yossarian is assigned to. Yossarian is very upset because all these people he doesnt even know (the Germans) are trying to kill him. The novel is very hard to understand because of the way it is written. It is helpful in books about the military to have a time-date group so you know what is going on. This book doesnt have that and is so full of flash backs and flash-forwards that it made my head spin. It wasnt poorly written but it was hard follow. It has many technical errors such as having helicopters for search and rescue while helicopters werent used in military service until the Korean War. The story is a good one but paints a picture of military life as a joke almost. Most of the servicemen in this book had no discipline and did pretty much as they pleased. Yossarian goes through the whole story trying to get out of his squadron and go home. His problem is the commander of the group keeps raising the number of missions required to fly before the rotate home. Every time he gets close the raise the number on him again. Through it all he tries all these schemes to get sent home he acts sick and tries to act crazy. When he tries to acts crazy he thinks that he has a perfect plan to get sent home since there was a rule that anyone who was crazy was unfit to serve in the rigors of combat, but the rule said they had to ask to be grounded. When he goes to get himself grounded he discovers there is a catch. Catch-22 says that anyone who asks to be grounded is not crazy because recognizing danger is the process of a rational mind and anyone with a rational mind is not crazy. That is the main story line of the book. A Few Good Men is a movie about the trial of two Marines for murder. The main characters are Lt.j.g. Dan Kaffey and Lt.Cmdr Joanne Galloway. They are both lawyers in the Judge Advocate General Corps of the Department of the Navy. They are the defense attorneys for Lance Corporal Dawson and Private First Class Downey. Dawson and Downey were charged with murdering a member of their squad, Private First Class William Santiago. The reason that they killed him was technically an accident. They were trying to haze him when something went wrong. The reason they were disciplining him was because he broke the chain of command and went outside his unit for help. In the Marine Corps that is wrong because it makes the Marines in your chain of command look like a bunch of morons. The two Marines, Dawson and Downey were ordered by their platoon commander who in turn was ordered by the battalion commander to discipline Santiago. The two Marines did not want to cut a deal for minimum jail time because the believed that they did nothing wrong they were following orders and they did not intend to kill him. The movie talks about a code that Marines follow especially Marines forward deployed on tense situation. Basically the code said that the unit and the mission come first all other things are secondary including comfort and personal safety. The Marines get through the trial and are found innocent because they were only following orders and did not intend to kill Santiago. They were found guilty of conduct unbecoming of a Marine and were dishonorably discharged from the Marine Corps. The battalion commander Colonel Jessup was set to be court martialed for ordering the Code Red (hazing) and Kaffey and Galloway look like heroes for finding out the truth and righting the wrongs. When you compare these two works you find yourself

What You Absolutely Need to Know About Changing Careers

What You Absolutely Need to Know About Changing Careers Adaptable. Multi-faceted. Nimble. These flexible qualities are all trending in the current job market- so why is changing careers so difficult? Let’s look at some of the ways you can make a career switch, and get yourself ready to embrace the current job trends and demands. Find Your Career Path(s)Conventional wisdom suggests that we all have a career path, a specific trajectory. You start here, you’ll hit these points along the way, and you’ll end up there. The problem with this is that it sounds great in theory, but more often than not, reality gets in the way: economic downturns, personal life changes, and burnout can all interfere greatly with this linear plan. Plus, many of us choose that career path at a young age, right out of school or as an idealistic twentysomething. Are you the same person you were at 21? I’m not (thank goodness), and as someone with evolving skills and interests, I like to think that I’m not locked into a rigid path.Life coach Roman Krznaric, author of How to Find Fulfilling Work, believes in the concept of â€Å"wide achievers†: the idea that a career can be a composite of diverse jobs and experiences, instead of a straight line through one field. In this model, you’d set your goal as a skill set rather than a specific job title (for example, VP of Marketing). It involves rethinking our careers, and deciding whether you might have multiple paths you can take to the endgame of a satisfying career.But how do you navigate this, if you’re already in a job, or have a ton of very specific experience that may not travel into the field where you want to go next?Make a Smart Start to Your ChangeIf you already have a job, you don’t need to hand in your resignation and jump right into that deep end of finding your next career. Take time to figure out what you want to do. Think you might have an interest in bumping your photography hobby up into a professional photography gig? Try to hustle one or two freelance jobs on nights and weekends, and try to build a client base.If you already know where you want to go†¦You should start by doing a self-assessment:What types of jobs are available to someone with limited experience?What skills do I have already?What are the bare minimum skills required by this field I’m interested in joining?What development do I need?Am I willing to start from the bottom if necessary?If you’re thinking about changing careers and know what your target field is, you can start by taking related classes online or in the evenings, or by attending networking events. Volunteer. Talk to someone who’s already in the field, and ask what their day-to-day is like, and what their job requires. At this point, there’s no commitment- it’s a fact-finding mission.If you’re still trying to figure out what you want your new career to be†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦don’t sweat it. You may just know that you want A Cha nge, and need to figure out what happens next. This option is a challenging one, to be sure- you’re starting from scratch. But that’s also the beauty of it: you’re starting from scratch! You don’t have preconceived notions, and can take the time to figure out what you really want to do, and why.Find Hot Career Change IndustriesWhere are the jobs and new opportunities? Right now, there are definite hotspot industries that are friendly to career changers. According to U.S. News and World Report, these fields are perpetually expanding to keep pace with society:Healthcare. With the Baby Boomer population retiring and aging, healthcare needs and demands will continue to explode.Mobile technology. Got coding skills? If not, perhaps it’s time to start taking some courses? While some areas of the tech sector are declining, the innovations happening in mobile technology (apps, communications, etc.) keep on going.Data analytics. Sometimes it feels like we ar e little but a walking, talking collection of aggregated data points. Almost every industry is pulling in massive amount of information these days, and having the skills to parse and analyze that information is a huge selling point.And remember: if you feel intimidated by the idea of starting over and changing career gears, you are not alone.  Be a New-Wave EmployeeA hard truth of jobs in general these days, and for people who are trying to build experience, is that many employers want non-traditional employees. That means employees who fall outside the full-time spectrum. If you’re looking to make the career switcheroo, you should consider job openings that are in your field, but might not be the permanent opportunity of your dreams. These include:Part-time jobsContract/freelance jobsTemporary jobsThis goes back to the flexibility issue I mentioned earlier. Employers value flexibility, because it helps them reach their own goals. And even if your own goal is to find a perm anent, full-time, benefits-laden job in your new field, these jobs can serve as a stepping stone while you pick up needed skills and experience.Build Your BrandBranding is a major part of any job search, but if you’re trying to rebrand yourself as a different kind of professional, it’s essential. You’re building your rep and your network from the ground up, basically, so it’s important to have a clean base. If you haven’t done so already, clean up your existing profiles and get them job-hunt ready. After you’ve done that, start positioning yourself for your new field. Start following strong voices in your new area, read (and post) links to stay on top of trends in the field, and figure out how people already in the field are positioning themselves. This can help you figure out how to best present yourself as your job hunt really gets underway.Social media is one of those perennial megatrends that doesn’t go away- so the trick is stayi ng on top of the new media to figure out where you should be as well. Which platforms are the â€Å"cool kids† using? Getting familiar with new platforms and sites is something you can easily do on your own time, and it pays off when you have a whole network of people in the field you’re trying to reach.If you’re ready to make the jump to a new career, there are lots of places you can land. With sharp-eyed attention to what’s going on and how you can transfer your existing skills and experience to another field, you’re well on your way. Good luck!

Macro Econ Discussion Questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Macro Econ Discussion Questions - Assignment Example Airport security is not a public good since it is exclusionary and only individuals within the airport premises enjoy the security. If smoking generates external costs, it should not be outlawed but a sales tax should be introduced to cater for the external costs. Similarly, in the case of cars pollution, toll taxes on roads or unit taxes on fuel can be introduced to cover for the social costs of the pollution. Â  If the total price of the products produced in an economy increase more than proportionately compared to the reduction in the quantity produced, then GDP will increase. This is a price inelastic effect. Farmers would rather store their output than sell it during periods of hyperinflation as they would be speculating and waiting for the prices to hit high points so that they can make more profits. This practice would lead to a deficit in supply, which will lead to rocketing of

Change management of Toyota and Nissan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Change management of Toyota and Nissan - Essay Example The paper throws light on change management as a controlled approach employed to deal with changes both from the discernment of a human being or an organisation. It is a realistic method which involves altering individuals, teams, and organisations from an existing state to the preferred or future state. It is a managerial practice which intends to help employees in acknowledging the changes in their current industry environment. A change process or change management process is a set of actions that helps a group of members to control the specific change efficiently. The change process facilitates to trace the change requests, to evaluate and to endorse the requests, before execution. This mechanism eases the process of alteration. However, change is present in both personal and professional lives. Therefore, change management is the process which is utilised by organisations so as to accomplish their prospective goals. Change management process utilises varied tactics and procedures in order to achieve final objectives. Moreover, the process of change can be implemented effectively only if members coordinate and accept the change in a positive manner. It is the liability of the employees to manage change in such a way so that it enhances the effectiveness as well as provides inspiration and augments morale of employees of an organisation. Along with the employees, the superiors of an organisation are also responsible for proper adoption and implementation of changes. This can be done only with the help of proper communication and harmonisation among the employees of organisation. Proper management of a change can augment dedication and motivation of the employees towards work thereby improving productivity, firmness and profitability of organisation (Nakae, 2005). Hence, it can be avowed that change management is one of the significant systems utilised by organisations so as to retain and cope up with the cultural challenges of the current scenario. Change man agement is a practice utilised for sustaining in the global environmental conditions among other competitors in the long run (Fahy & Cunningham, 2007). The assignment mainly provides a concise understanding of the prime reasons for change, change management process adopted and the problems faced by the members of the organisations after adoption of the change. The organisations selected for the assignment are Toyota and Nissan. Discussion Change management is the process of scheduling, executing and evaluating of changes so as to cope up with the exigent environment. In order to sustain in this competitive environment, change is essential, so the practice of change management is also mandatory. The procedures of change management are mainly utilised so as to improve the level of potentials of employees and productivity along with development of new tactics, techniques and management systems. Change management process occurs due to diverse reasons in assorted organisations but in thi s assignment, internal issues related to human resource are predominantly highlighted. Reasons for Change Nissan Motor Company Ltd is one of the leading car producer organizations of Japan. It is a reputed trade name in the sector of automobile, and markets its cars with the brand name Datsun. It came into existence in the year 1934. Since then, Nissan Motor Company Ltd is adopting and accepting variety of changes in order to retain a reputed brand image in the competitive market of Japan. Moreover, in order to retain its uniqueness in the market among other competitors, change management is essential. However, in order to retain its market share and sustainability, Nissan Motors tied up with two other reputed automotive giants named Daimler and Renault (Renault, 2010). The prime objective behind this international collaboration is mutual

The Role Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Role - Essay Example Moreover, they discuss the broader sense of this term by writing about social capital and social activities (Adler and Goggin, 2005, pp. 239-240). As for Schlozman et al. (1999), these authors propose to analyze civic engagement through the three-argument framework, which includes its appearance as volunteering activity, as promotion of democracy, and as manifestation of community interests (p. 428). Due to this, it is reasonable to state that civic engagement is a broader concept than a community problem solving one. In this case, Adler and Goggin (2005) define community activities as a narrower appearance of civic engagement term on the axis resulting in political activities (p. 241). Even though this concept is hard to define, all of its manifestations include the reaction on certain social problems. Thus, it is possible to assume that civic engagement as a phenomenon appeared as one of the tools of problem solving within a social community. In this context, Adler and Goggin (2005 ) synthetize all the available definitions of the term in the statement, â€Å"Civic engagement describes how an active citizen participates in the life of a community in order to improve conditions for others or to help shape the community’s future† (p. 242). In short, the attempts to define the concept reveal the importance of community dimension in its essence. With the very appearance of civic engagement in practice, it is common to associate it with active volunteering position of the youth. In this case, it mostly appears in the context of reforms within higher education institutions (Adler and Goggin, 2005, p. 237). As the research conducted by Adler and Goggin (2005) has shown, the age of people involved in civic engagement as community problem solving is younger in average in contrast to its wider dimensions of electoral and political

Industrial Relations and Human Resource Management

Industrial Relations and Human Resource Management Compare and contrast the key features of the academic fields Industrial Relations and Human Resource Management (HRM) respectively. The fields of Industrial Relations and Human Resource Management have been subjects of intense academic study since the time of their inception. Management literature is rich with varied definitions and diverse range of opinions that exist regarding the focus and the scope of these two academic fields. Industrial relations focuses primarily on the regulation, control and governance of the employment relationship. (BUIRA, 2008). The field has more of a pluralistic stance and focuses not just on the workers and the management but also on the state and other institutions influencing the employment relationship. Human Resource Management is A distinctive approach to employment management which seeks to achieve competitive advantage through the strategic deployment of a highly structured and capable workforce using an array of cultural, structural and personnel techniques. (Storey 1995:5). Although originally HRM was considered as one of the branches of IR, it is now recognized as a separ ate field of study. Many argue that HRM being rooted just in psychology and organizational sociology has a much narrower focus in contrast to IR which is a multi-disciplinary field of study.HRM is seen as concerned with just one aspect of industrial relations, that is regulation of employment relationship. It does not take into consideration the dynamics of this relationship nor does it account for the institutional and outside forces that have a determining effect on this relationship. (Rubery and Grimshaw 2003, Blyton and Turnbull 2004, Rubery, Earnshaw and Marchington 2005).Rather its marriage with just the welfare of the firm has come under severe criticism. The field of industrial relations is seen as being better empowered in addressing this problem. The primary objective of human resource management is to achieve viability and maximization of profits. The management seeks to establish a cost-effective system of labour management. (Geare 1977, Osterman 1987, Godard 2001). It tries to attain competitive advantage and flexibility such that the management gains enough power to function autonomously. It thus seeks to promote better organizational performance. Whereas the field of industrial relations is also concerned with enhancing the performance of the organization it also gives due weightage to maximizing the welfare of the employees, recognizing that labour is not a commodity but a valued asset of production. This however does not mean that HRM is not concerned with employee betterment. On the contrary it sees a direct link between organizational growth and employee welfare with the former leading to the latter. Hence it focuses on the former, thinking that the latter will automatically be taken care of. Both the fields of HRM and Industrial Relations while recognizing the value of human potential to contribute to the efficiency of the organization, have different pathways of achieving their goal. With a single-minded goal of better organizational performance, HRM may at times neglect or may even exploit these resources. In contrast the industrial relations system recognizing the existence of inherent conflicts between the organizations goals and workers welfare is based upon trade union representation and collective bargaining giving the employees a platform to voice their grievances. (BUIRA, 2008). HRM downplays these conflicts and instead focuses its attention on recruitment, selection, training and other parameters vital to organizational success. The field of industrial relations relies heavily on the rules and procedures laid down by the state to address any issues associated with the employment relationship. HRM, on the other hand does not follow any said rules. Instead it focuses on the best way to use human resources through effective recruitment, selection, training, appraisal, motivation and cooperation. (Silva, ). For HRM, managing culture is more important than just restricting itself to rules and regulations. (Storey, 2001) The field of industrial relations says power is inherent in the employment relationship.(BUIRA 2008:3)Thus employees are usually at the receiving end in terms of wage differentials and inequalities prevalent in the workplace. For this reason a number of laws and regulations are in place in many countries to undermine managerial authority. However the notion of power varies from organization to organization. HRM also recognizes the existence of this power relationship. However its treatment of it is rather different. The management of work and people in the firm involves strategic tensions including trade-offs between employer and employee interests. (Boxall and Purcell, 2008). HRM tries to use this power in ways that enables the organization to function more effectively. The management shares knowledge which results in high level of trust and commitment among the employees. HRM has more of an individualistic orientation and links rewards and pay to performance, a feature which is abs ent in industrial relations. HRM sees conflicts as an infrequent part of the employment relationship between the management and the workers and precisely so, because both the management and workers have the same interests. It is left to the management to provide a reasonable solution to these problems in case they arise and this is done by providing higher wages or training which may result in employment security.HRM does not rely on mediation or any sort of third-party intervention. It is more concerned with employee commitment rather than compliance. (Marchington and Wilkinson,2008).On the other hand the field of industrial relations emphasizes on the role of collective bargaining and trade unions to address these conflicts. Management is not looked upon for solutions as they are seen to be biased and more concerned with curbing workers voice. HRM gives management the most dominating role, considering it to be the be all and end all of all decisions while governments and trade unions only play a limited role. It is the management that is solely seen as being responsible for organization efficiency or inefficiency. Whereas, industrial relations sees the management, government and trade unions as being equal partners in shaping the direction of the firm. Thus, it just does not restrict itself to workers and management but all those who are affected by the employment relationship. The academic field of industrial relations encourages students to think out of the box and to engage in critical and reflective thinking. (BUIRA, 2008). The complexities involved in the employment relationship and the factors outside the workplace shaping this are looked at, to form an intelligent and well-informed decision to tackle with irregularities in the workplace. The issues of ethnicity, gender inequality, power are all taken into account which are issues not generally included in the HRM domain. The field of industrial relations inculcates a sense of enquiry into the student to question and seek answers to those questions. Although the fields of industrial relations and human resource management have differing interests, there are many areas where their interests coincide. Ultimately both the fields are concerned with achieving organizational efficiency and we should seek to attain a symbiotic relationship between the two with the two completing rather than competing with each other. The debate surrounding the field of industrial relations that it is now outdated and that the problems of human factor at work are better addressed by novel new approaches such as Human Resource Management is redundant. (Colling and Terry, 2010). The collectivistic nature of the field of industrial relations should supplement the individualistic outlook of HRM. It is essential to treat the employment relationship as complex and study it within a particular social context. A thorough understanding of both would facilitate a better understanding of the theoretical and practical problems that underpin relationships at workpla ce. (Marchington and Wilkinson, 2008)

European Settlements and the Decline of Indian Power in America Essay

European Settlements and the Decline of Indian Power in America What today is the state of Virginia used to be Native American lands. The Indians claim that God had given them the right to own and settle those lands. The problem as we have seen in class is the Europeans such as the Spanish and English came and took over the Native American land in the name of the King and /or Queen. They invaded their territory, and destroyed their culture, all in the name of conquest. What I intend to show is how these problems developed for the English from the years of 1607 to 1644. Kirkpatrick Sale in his book Conquest of Paradise says that the English were just carrying out the Columbian legacy with the same brutality toward the Native American population. The main goal of the English as well as the Spanish was to settle large chunks of land and have military control over a backward (as they saw it) society. By 1610 the enemy for the English was the natives, or as they called them savages, and their mission was to take them prisioner and make them slaves. It even says in the charter granted to the colonists in 1607. "Which may by the Providence of Almighty God, hereafter tend to the glory of his divine majesty, in propagfting of the Christian religon to such people as yet live in darkness and miserable ignorance of all true knowledge and worship of God and may in time bring the infidels and savages living in those parts to human civility and to settled and quiet government (Warner 38). Plus if the natives became hostile they felt that it w as their right to ta ke their corn while in return giving them useless things of no pratical value, such as beads, compasses, and looking glasses. The English felt that in time the Indians would com... ...t I want or I will slaughter your population and take you prisioner. Plus the Indians were on English land when it really was their inherited land from their ancestors. It was like what Columbus did on Hispanola; he took over native lands and did what he wanted with the Indian tribes, steling their land putting them in slavery and having them recognize the Spanish as superior people. It was a battle between the Indians and the colonizers and as we can see the colonlists won. It really was a clash of cultures with the latter winning. Bibliography Campell, Charles. History Of The Colony And Acient Domion of Virginia. Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott and Co. 1860. Sale, Kirkpatrick. The Conquest of Paradise Christopher Columbus and the Columbian Legacy. New York 1991 Warner, Charles D. Captain John Smith 1579 - 1631 New York, Harvey Holt and Company. 1881

Leadership Assessment Essay

Leadership can be best defined as beauty. One may say that is in the eye of the beholder. The best managers consistently allow different leaders to emerge and inspire their teammates. My prior organization, Comcast Corporation, a telecommunications provider, mission statement is to deliver a superior experience to their customers every day. Jason Biske, whom is Director of Sales and Operation, created an environment where Comcast is focused solely on customers by building relationships. When we would see him, he would always speak and ask how your day or sales was going. Jason was really big on keeping the sales floor informed of new promos or contests that were going on by sending constant email communications, ongoing training sessions, or holding focus groups on various processes of improvement in the sales process. When it came to leadership styles, Jason Biske demonstrated several. He embraced democratic, coaching, pacesetting, and authoritative. He initiated structure and created an environment that made you feel a part of something. Along with that he showed consideration. We felt like our opinions mattered and there was a concern for the employees. Leaders provide a sense of direction for the employees of the organization. Without this sense of direction (both strategic and ethical), the organization and its employees could easily lose their direction.In order for any leader to be successful all styles need to be incorporated. Leaders, therefore, are given the responsibility of creating and shaping culture. The organizational structure that has been created has positioned the company in the smartest way possible. † As the world changes, the culture of organizations must sometimes be re-shaped to better fit the environment and the overall strategy of the organization (Buhler)†.Comcast strongly believes in teamwork, integrity, creativity and commitment within the organization. Managers must be convinced of the benefits as well as higher performance for their teams if they are to become enthusiastic leaders of change. â€Å"Above all, senior executives should encourage managers to think big: the new world of work opens up new possibilities for how companies define their boundaries and organize work (Lund, 2012)†.Having such a strong team of leadership gives employees as well as potential talent something to look forward to in regards to a career. The positive thing about having a clear organizational structure is simply it allows you to see the formal relationship that exits between the departments. Jason Biske‘s job as director was to improve the sales process and increase revenue in the sales department. As a result he increased revenue by 24 percent. He also rolled out a process called Sales Pro which would make the sales process simpler by focusing on relationships. Even though his styles motivated employees, he used communication through m ass emails mostly. On a daily basis, you would receive several reports on how the company is profiting. At my career level no one understood how we were contributing to these successes. Jason would get you excited to make money but somewhere in there the leadership failed.† According to Moorhead and Griffin (1998) employee motivation and ability jointly contribute towards employee performance and the most challenging task of the managers is to motivate employee to execute the utmost of their ability†. (Iqbal)†. When you have middle managers that are not as excited about their jobs, it is hard to keep the customer service reps motivated to sale the product or meet numbers when the objectives are not clear. In an organization, an individual has to be seen as a contributor. Most importantly, you have to keep your employees motivated. Most people never make it to the top because they are successful at being a doer instead of being a leader. â€Å"Leadership is more about inspiration, about guidance, about communication and building trust among the team. Management is probably the day-to-day running of an organization. It is about developing and organizing aspects of your businesses and running those businesses (Toor, 2011)†. Some best pra ctices that organizational leaders can follow are 1. Accept feedback from the people that work with you. No one knows best other than the people that deal with the customers every day. Some of the most successful companies are profitable because the organizational leader listened to what the employees shared. There is value in shared values. Secondly, try a crazy idea every now and then. Employees like creativity and a challenge to keep them on their toes. Lastly, show courage. Effective leaders sometimes have to issue orders whether or not it means they are popular or not. If you are leading effectively then your team will support you. Leaders are made, not born. â€Å"I consider leadership as something long term with a clear vision of what to achieve. Management, however, is more about function; it’s short-term and involves setting a target and achieving it. Diversity is not only important to the work environment and the business but it can also have some legal ramifications if not followed properly.† Workplace Diversity refers to the variety of differences between people in an organization. The roots of diversity does not begin to range from race, gender, ethnic group, age, personality, educational background etc., rather it begins from perception of the employees towards each other (Andrew Patrick, 2011)†. Ccompanies that embrace employees from different cultural backgrounds, experiences and even countries are better positioned to succeed in this century. Hiring a diverse workforce helps a company stay in compliance with employment laws and build workplaces that are more inclusive. It also assists employees in reaching their fullest potential. When hiring and managing employees from different cultures and backgrounds it can be challenging, but it can also be very rewarding. â€Å"Diversity is not a photo opportunity. Anybody can recruit anybody. Keeping people is the challenge (Sreedhar, 2011)†. Most corporations have diversity council which allows you to manage diversity globally therefore allowing others to learn from different perspectives and cultures. From a business perspective, companies have become more innovative requiring expansion into global territories. It requires them to move people as well as products around. With that being said, a company must be able to understand international customers, their commerce and their competition better than before. Works Cited Andrew Patrick, H. (2011). Knowledge Workers Demography and Workplace Diversity. Journal Of Marketing & Management, pp. 2(2), 38-73. Buhler, P. M. (n.d.). The evolving leader of today. Supervision. pp. 59(12), 16. . Iqbal, J. Y. (n.d.). EMPLOYEE MOTIVATION IN MODERN ORGANIZATION: A REVIEW OF 12 YEARS. Interdisciplinary Journal Of Contemporary Research In Business,. pp. 4(3), 692-708. Lund, S. M. (2012). Preparing for a new era of knowledge work. pp. Mckinsey Quarterly, (4), 103-110. Sreedhar, U. (2011). Workforce Diversity and HR Challenges. Advances In Management. pp. 4(10), 33-36. Toor, S. (2011). Differentiating Leadership from Management. An Empirical Investigation of Leaders and Managers. Leadership & Management In Engineering, pp. 11(4), 310. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)LM.1943-5630.0000138.

Asthma Essay Example

Asthma Essay Example Asthma Essay Asthma Essay projected addition from 45 % at present to 59 % by 2025 in urban populations have been estimated. A attendant addition in the incidence of asthma is besides anticipated ( Bousquet et al, 2005 ) . The prevalence of asthma in the UK is peculiarly high with 5.2 million people affected ( Asthma UK, 2004 ) . It is of peculiar concern that asthma is now the major chronic unwellness of childhood with an norm of 15–20 % of kids in Europe being affected ( Smyth, 2002 ) compared with 8.6 % of grownups ( European Lung Federation, 2003 ) . The fiscal load of asthma in the European Union sums to about ˆ17.7 billion or ?12.1 billion yearly, and loss of productiveness due to hapless asthma control is estimated at ˆ9.8 billion ( ?6.7 billion ) ( European Lung Federation, 2003 ) ..The causes of asthma can be chiefly familial ( host factors ) although environmental factors can besides lend greatly to the etiology of the disease. Clinicians and research workers involved in asthma survei es resort to features of the disease that can be measured objectively, such as immediate allergy ( manifested as the presence of positive skin-prick trials or the clinical response to common environmental allergens ) , airway hyperresponsiveness ( the inclination of air passages to contract overly in response to triggers that have small or no consequence in normal persons ) , and other steps of allergic sensitisation ( GINA 2006 ) . The familial and environmental factors are besides though to act upon a person’s hazard of developing asthma. Disabling onslaughts of terrible dyspnoea, coughing, and wheezing triggered by sudden episodes of bronchospasm are common experience of patients with asthma. In some patients, the onslaughts may be triggered by exercising and cold or by exposure to an allergen to which the patient has antecedently been sensitized, but frequently no trigger may be identified. In add-on patients may be virtually symptomless between onslaughts ( Husain and Ku mar 2004 ) .PathogenesisThe major etiologic factors of asthma are familial sensitivity to type I hypersensitivity ( atopy ) , acute and chronic air passage redness, and bronchial hyperresponsiveness ( Husain and Kumar 2004 ) . The redness involves many cell types and legion inflammatory go-betweens(Vogel 1997 ) , but the precise relationship of specific inflammatory cells and the go-betweens to airway hyperreactivity is still non to the full understood ( Husain and Kumar 2004 ) . Type 2 assistant T ( THydrogen2 ) cells, a type of CD4+ assistant T cell, are outstanding constituents of the bronchial redness. THydrogen2 cells secrete interleukins that promote allergic redness and stimulate B cells to bring forth IgE and other antibodies. In contrast, type 1 assistant T ( THydrogen1 ) cells, the other category of CD4+ T cells, produce interferon-? and interleukin-2, which initiate the violent death of viruses and other intracellular beings by triping macrophages and cytotoxic T cells. These two subgroups of assistant T cells arise in response to different immunogenic stimulations and cytokines, and they constitute an immunoregulatory cringle: cytokines from THydrogen1 cells inhibit THydrogen2 cells, and frailty versa ( Fig.1 ) ( Schwartz 2002 ) . An instability in this mutual agreement is though to be cardinal cause of asthma ( Husain and Kumar 2004 ) .Figure 1:A simplified strategy of the system of type 1 assistant T ( THydrogen1 ) and type 2 assistant ( THydrogen2 ) cells. The distinction of THydrogen1 and THydrogen2 cells depends on interleukin-12 and interleukin-4, cytokines produced by antigen-stimulated precursor CD4 T cells. In a regulative cringle, interferon-? from THydrogen1 cells inhibits THydrogen2 cells and interleukin-4 from THydrogen2 cells inhibits THydrogen1 cells. An instability that favors THydrogen2 cells may be of import in asthma. Bronchial lymph cells from patients with asthma have been found to miss T-bet, a written text factor required f or the production of interferon-? ( IFN-? ) by ThymineHydrogen1 cells. (Husain and Kumar 2004 ;Schwartz 2002 )In add-on to the inflammatory responses mediated by THydrogen2 type cells, asthma is characterized by structural alterations in the bronchial wall, referred to as airway reconstructing. These include grounds for the proliferation of bronchial smooth musculus cells and deposition of sub-epithelial collagen ( Husain and Kumar 2004 ) .Atopic or allergic asthma, the most common type of asthma, normally begins in childhood. The disease is triggered by environmental antigens, such as dusts, pollens, carnal dander, and nutrients, but potentially any antigen is implicated. A positive household history of immediate allergy is common, and wheezing onslaughts are frequently preceded by allergic coryza, urticaria, or eczema. In any instance, a skin trial with the piquing antigen in these patients consequences in an immediate wheal-and-flare reaction, a authoritative illustration of ty pe I IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction. In the air passages, the scene for the reaction is set in big portion by initial sensitisation to inhaled antigens ( allergens ) , which stimulate initiation of THydrogen2-type cells that release cytokines such as IL-4 and IL-5. These cytokines, in bend, promote IgE production by B cells, growing of mast cells ( IL-4 ) , and growing and activation of eosinophils ( IL-5 ) . Subsequent IgE-mediated reaction to inhaled allergens elicits an acute response and a late-phase reaction ( Fig 2 ) .Figure 2:A theoretical account for allergic asthma.A, Inhaled allergens ( antigen ) elicit a ThymineHydrogen2-dominated response prefering IgE production and eosinophil enlisting ( priming or sensitisation ) .Bacillus, On re-exposure to antigen ( Ag ) , the immediate reaction is triggered by Ag-induced cross-linking of IgE edge to IgE receptors on mast cells in the air passages. These cells release preformed go-betweens that unfastened tight junctions bet ween epithelial cells. Antigen can so come in the mucous membrane to trip mucosal mast cells and eosinophils, which in bend release extra go-betweens. Jointly, either straight or via neural physiological reactions, the go-betweens induce bronchospasm, increased vascular permeableness, and mucus production and enroll extra mediator-releasing cells from the blood.C, The reaching of recruited leucocytes ( neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils ; besides lymphocytes and monocytes signals the induction of the late stage of asthma and a fresh unit of ammunition of go-between release from leucocytes, endothelium, and epithelial cells. Factors, peculiarly from eosinophils ( e.g. , major basic protein, eosinophil cationic protein ) , besides cause harm to the epithelial tissue( From Husain and Kumar 2004 ) .In the instance of airborne antigens for illustration, the reaction begins with the sensitisation of mast cells on the mucosal surface following the inspiration of an allergen e.g pollen ; the end point go-between release opens the mucosal intercellular tight junctions and enhances incursion of antigen to the more legion submucosal mast cells. In add-on, direct stimulation of subepithelial vagal ( parasympathetic ) receptors provokes bronchoconstriction through both cardinal and local physiological reactions ( including those mediated by unmyelinated centripetal C fibres ) . This occurs within proceedingss after stimulation and is called the ague, or immediate, response, which consists of bronchoconstriction, hydrops ( owing to increased vascular permeableness ) , mucus secernment, and, in utmost cases, hypotension. Mast cells besides release cytokines that cause the inflow of other leucocytes, including neutrophils and monocytes, lymph cells, basophils, and peculiarly eosinophils ( IL-5 ) . These inflammatory cells set the phase for the late-phase reaction, which starts 4 to 8 hours subsequently and may prevail for 12 to 24 hours or moreThe late-phase reaction, as was noted earlier, is mediated by the drove of leucocytes recruited by the chemotactic factors and cytokines derived from mast cells during the acute-phase response ( Galli 1997 ) . However, go-betweens can besides be produced by other cells in the affected bronchial tube, including ( 1 ) inflammatory cells that are already present in asthmatics enduring a perennial onslaught, ( 2 ) vascular endothelium, or ( 3 ) airway epithelial cells. Epithelial cells are now known to bring forth a big assortment of cytokines in response to infective agents, drugs, and gases every bit good as to inflammatory go-betweens ( Shelhamer et al 1995 ) . This 2nd moving ridge of go-betweens stimulates the late reaction. For illustration, eotaxin, produced by airway epithelial cells, is a powerful chemoattractant and activator of eosinophils ( Lilly et al 1995 ) . The major basic protein of eosinophils, in bend, causes epithelial harm ( Shelhamer et al 1995 ) and airway bottleneck ( Costa et al 1997 ) . The presence of both immediate and delayed reactions in IgE-mediated events helps to explicate the drawn-out manifestations of asthma ( Husain and Kumar 2004 ) ..Clinical DiagnosisThe presence of cough, thorax stringency and wheeze ( normally diffuse, polyphonic, bilateral and peculiarly expiratory ) are a central marks of asthma. Measurements of lung map ( spirometry or peak expiratory flow ) provide an appraisal of the badness of airflow restriction, its reversibility, and its variableness, and supply verification of the diagnosing of asthma. Measurements of allergic position can assist to place hazard factors that cause asthma symptoms in single patients ( BTS/SIGN 2004 ) . Excess steps may be required to name asthma in kids 5 old ages and younger and in the aged, and occupational asthma. GINA ( 2006 ) guideline indicates that measurings of airflow restriction, its reversibility and its variableness are critical in set uping a clear diagnosing of asthma and underlie the new asthm a direction schemes advocated in current attention guidelines.Control MeasuresIt is ever cheaper and more effectual to forestall than to handle the symptoms of asthma. Preventive steps are normally taken by patients to avoid substances that might arouse an allergic reaction, this step will normally besides require that the patient controls his or her life or work environment to avoid allergen capable of arousing a reaction. A finding of the allergens or groups of allergens to which the patient is sensitive to is normally the first measure in preventative direction. Allergen may be easy evitable for illustration hair strands of cat, Equus caballus, Canis familiaris or bird plumes. There are persons who are allergic to nutrient additives or nutrient types such as caprine animal milk, nuts, strawberries and certain comestible oils ; others asthma patient are allergic to grasses, trees, harvests and flowers, fungous spores, aerosol sprays. Some allergens such as airborne environmental p ollutants are hard to avoid, others such as house dust touch are an built-in portion of day-to-day life for some patient. Preventive steps will in these instances be aimed at minimising instead than wholly avoid contact ( Thompson 1995 ) .Pharmacological interventions of asthmaThe end of asthma intervention is to accomplish and keep clinical control. Medicines that are available for the intervention of asthma can be classified as symptom accountants or stand-ins. Reliever medicines are normally used when needed such as when it is necessary to rapidly change by reversal bronchoconstriction and alleviate its symptoms. A figure of pharmacological drug categories may be classified as stand-ins, these include inhaled anticholinergics, short-acting Elixophyllin, rapid-acting inhaled i?2 agonists and short-acting unwritten i?2-agonists. On the other manus, accountant medicines meditates anti-inflammatory effects and are taken daily on a long-run footing to maintain asthma under clinical co ntrol. Inhaled and systemic corticoids, leukotriene qualifiers, sustained-release Elixophyllin, cromones, anti-IgE, long-acting inhaled i?2-agonists in combination with inhaled glucocorticosteroids, and other systemic steroid-sparing therapies may be classified as accountant medicines. The inflammatory response, attendant bronchial hyper-responsiveness, and variable airflow obstructor in asthma are extremely antiphonal to inhaled corticoids, positioning these drugs as first-line accountant therapy for this disease ( Holgate 2006 ) . Inhaled glucocorticosteroids are therefore the most effectual accountant medicines presently available ( GINA 2006 ; BTS/SIGN 2004 )Inhaled corticoidsInhaled glucocorticosteroids are presently the most effectual anti-inflammatory medicines for the intervention of relentless asthma. Surveies have demonstrated their efficaciousness in cut downing asthma symptoms, bettering quality of life, bettering lung maps, diminishing airway hyperresponsiveness, comman ding airway redness, cut downing frequence and badness of aggravations, and cut downing asthma mortality. However, when they are discontinued impairment of clinical control follows within hebdomads to months in a proportion of patients ( GINA 2006 ; BTS/SIGN 2004 ) .Most of the benefit from inhaled glucocorticosteroids is achieved in grownups at comparatively low doses, tantamount to 400 milligram of budesonide per twenty-four hours ( Powell and Gibson 2003 ) . Increasing to higher doses provides small farther benefit in footings of asthma control but in long term, increases the hazard of side effects such as easy bruising ( Mak et al 1992 ) , adrenal suppression ( Brown et al 1993 ) , and decreased bone mineral denseness ( Powell and Gibson 2003 ; Szefler et Al 2002 ; Pauwels et Al 1998 ) . However, there is marked single variableness of reactivity to inhaled glucocorticosteroids and because of this and the recognized hapless attachment to intervention with inhaled glucocorticoster oids, many patients will necessitate higher doses to accomplish full curative benefit ( GINA 2006 ; BTS/SIGN 2004 ) .Whilst inhaled corticoids are efficaciously front line drives in the control of asthma, non compliant usage of these groups of drugs will mostly take to intervention failures. How can asthma patients be helped to agree with the consistent usage of inhaled corticoids? First, we examine the issue of harmony ; thenceforth the treatment will concentrate on how several factors can be optimised to advance harmony.HarmonyThere are a figure of grounds why an asthma patient may non follow with therapy. In practical footings, this may go around around the belief about medical specialties in general troubles, for illustration that medical specialties are unnatural, ever with side effects or harmful ; such fright may be echt for inhaled corticoids therapy as there may be grounds to propose possible inauspicious consequence. The patient may fear that the therapy or drug will be ha bit-forming, or that their effects will have on off over clip. Asthma patients may besides neglect to follow with therapy if they lack equal information about their status and particularly about the importance of the therapy. It may besides be hard to foretell the conformity of an asthma patient if therapy interferes with his or her day-to-day life or as a consequence of age, some signifier of disablement or other fortunes or conditions, there is trouble in accessing medicine from the pharmaceutics, opening containers and efficaciously utilizing bringing devices or in retrieving to take medical specialties.As Marinker and Joanne ( 2003 ) justly puts it, the trouble for wellness professionals lies in admiting that it is the patients’ dockets and non their ain that determine whether patients take medical specialties. Patients have their ain beliefs about their medical specialties and medical specialties in general. They have their ain precedences and their ain rational discours e in relation to wellness and attention, hazard and benefit. These may differ from and sometimes contradict those of the physicians. They are, nevertheless, no less telling, consistent, or of import. Hence, it has in recent times become of import to look at patients’ failure to follow through with intervention as possibly a effect of the failure of the patients-prescribers relationship ( Marinker et al 1997 ) . Thus accent is now focused on a ensuring that a patient concurs with therapy as opposed to believing that he or she should adhere to intervention. The term harmony was introduced on the footing of these findings and penetrations ; it is a new manner to specify the procedure of successful prescribing and medical specialty pickings, based on partnership. While conformity describes the grade to which the patient follows the prescribed regimen of medical specialties, harmony describes an understanding between a patient and a healthcare professional about whether, when, and how medical specialties are to be taken. Concordance therefore refers to the creative activity of an understanding that respects the beliefs and wants of the patient, and non to compliance- the followers of instructions ( Marinker and Joanne 2003 ) . Annandale and Hunt ( 1998 ) express similar sentiments ; they suggest that many patients today will take intervention related actions based on informed determinations instead than following with medical advice or direction without oppugning every bit has been the instance in the yesteryear.Achieving harmony in Inhaled Corticosteriod therapyBy using the function of nursesOwing to the chronic nature of asthma, nurses are more likely to construct up a curative and swearing relationship over clip with their patient. This relationship is critical for the declaration of several issues related to harmony ; Barnett ( 2007 ) every bit highlighted the function of nurses in accomplishing harmony in patients with a similar chronic disease.Intellig ibly, asthma patients are more comfy in discoursing their concerns with nurses who by and large have more cognition of the assorted asthma interventions and inhalators available than many general practicians. Again this may non be unrelated to the greater contact nurses make with these patients. Practice nurses and respiratory nurse specializers besides tend to hold longer clip slots than General Practitioners or advisers in a busy outpatient clinic, and are hence able to supply the relevant cognition and information related to the patient’s status and explicate the principle for the intervention prescribed ( Barnett 2007 ) . Nurse-led clinical intercessions and place visits by specializer nurses combined with educational programmes have showed important benefits in cut downing readmission rates and bettering harmony ( Sayer, 1999 ) . In pattern, accomplishing harmony in inhaled corticosteriod therapy will necessitate a assortment of accomplishment of clinicians and possibly several good individualised as no one size can suit all.By optimizing patients’ apprehensionWhen patients are good educated about their asthma and therapy, they are more likely to follow with their intervention. It is important, possibly cardinal for clinicians non to presume at each audience. Clinicians should needfully measure and set up what an asthma patient understands about the cause/s, triggers or annoyances of his or her status and symptoms, every bit good as the cognition he or she have in relation to his or her medicine and the direction of his or her status. One manner to salvage on clip that such as an effectual audience will affect is to roll up outstanding patient and intervention advancement information prior to audience. A questionnaire may be sent out to patients ; this should be returned and evaluated before existent audience. The questionnaire should be able to uncover any cognition spread in patient’s apprehension and besides measure the patientâ₠¬â„¢s single demands sing the information they require to enable them to self pull off their disease with inhaled corticoid therapy.At each audience it is good pattern to promote patients to convey along their inhalators and a list of the medicines they are taking, and to double-check this against their printed prescription. Finding out precisely in what manner, when and how the patient is taking all their prescribed medicine utilizing open-ended inquiries is really of import. For illustration, Can you state me when and how frequently you use your Pulmicort through your turbohaler? ’ instead than taking the patient by inquiring: Do you take two whiffs of your turbohaler four times a twenty-four hours ( when you get up, at lunch period, afternoon tea and bedtime and if you get dyspneic in between following effort ) ’ ? A patient is more likely to merely state YES’ to the latter inquiries since this agrees with the heath professional’s outlook, therefore su ch type of inquiries do non let for an accurate appraisal of patient competences in utilizing their inhalator and will forestall insight into possible issues that the patients may hold with the corticoid itself. The audience can besides be used to measure if the patient’s inhalator technique is equal, and if it is non, to discourse an alternate device if they are fighting to trip or organize the 1 they have. From experience, if the patient is able to utilize their inhalator efficaciously, has assurance in the device and later obtains benefit or alleviation, they are more likely to be accordant with their intervention ( Barnett 2007 ) .Current BTS/SIGN ( 2004 ) every bit good as GINA ( 2005 ) guidelines on the direction of asthma recognize that every asthma audience is an chance to reexamine, reinforce and widen both cognition and accomplishments of patients. No uncertainty, it is besides reassuring for patient to experience the attention and understanding of their attention s uppliers, as this will rapidly prosecute their cooperation for the success of therapy. It is good for wellness attention professional to explicate to patients that they are acute to cognize if inhaled corticosteriod therapy is truly good to the patients, attempt should be made to measure consequence of the therapy on patients’ life style every bit good as quality of life. Consultations are besides a good juncture to promote patients’ remarks on emotional or other non-medical factors that may forestall the patient from genuinely agring with therapy. It is critical that the ambiance is really relaxed since clinicians want the patient to freely volunteer information that are of import and besides want to negociate an understanding that the patient will lend actively to the success of the therapy.By effectual communicatingIt can be hard sometimes to make up ones mind how much information to give single patients, bearing in head that most tend to retrieve merely 50 % of the information given during a audience. Therefore, it is imperative that the information provided is personalized and good spaced over and delivered in patient friendly linguistic communication. It ever helps to utilize ocular AIDSs and coloured diagrams to enable the patient to associate to and understand the information given. Simple accounts are best, being specific and sum uping at the terminal of the treatment, which is supported by cusps for the patient to take away, if appropriate. It is besides utile to compose drug regimens down utilizing simple image charts or written instructions bespeaking times and doses of the inhalator prescribed to assist those patients who are prone to forgetfulness or confusion over when to utilize their inhalators and in what sequence ( Barnett 2007 ) .Key end for the control of asthma include 1 ) minimal symptoms during twenty-four hours and dark ( 2 ) minimal demand for reliever medicine ( 2 ) no aggravations ( 3 ) no restriction of physical activ ity ( BTS/SIGN 2004 ) . Cardinal to this end is the asthma patient’s to agree with chosen intervention or direction options. For the most portion, this can be achieved through holistic nursing attention. Thompson ( 1995 ) suggested that this signifier of nursing asthma patients will include: ( 1 ) proviso of instruction about asthma ( 2 ) the publicity of self-management and ( 3 ) the proviso advice and support. Asthma patient instruction should non be aimed at merely leaving medical facts but to learn and pass on efficaciously with a position to advance harmony. Nurses spend an tremendous sum of quality with patients ; these together with their supportive attitude to patients can be put into optimum usage to further harmony in inhaled corticosteriod therapy. Surveies have similarly shown that nurses are good placed to accomplish these ends ( Mathieson 1992 ; Wilson-Barnett and Osbourne 1983 ) .Listen twice every bit muchIn kernel, until single patients’ concerns are a ddressed, they may stay loath to take their intervention as advised until they feel satisfied with the account given or have a better apprehension of their disease and intervention. Health professionals, hence, have an of import function to play in actively listening to their patients’ concerns or specific grounds as to why they are non taking their medicine as prescribed ( Barnett 2007 ) . Figure. 3Self regulative theoretical account from Cameron 2003 Patients’ representations of unwellness ( Fig 3 ) as defined by Cameron in ( 2003 ) may be adapted for the chronic status of asthma. Cameron ( 2003 ) defined such readings as a patient s ain implicit, common sense beliefs about their unwellness. In explicating how a patient might see his or her unwellness, Cameron ( 2003 ) suggested that patients’ thoughts about their unwellness may be clustered around a figure of constituents which may include the following for an asthma patient: The societal or general label of asthma and the symptoms the patients view as being portion of asthma. Patients’ positions about what may hold caused their status of asthma, such as familial factors, hapless diet, injury, allergens etc. Patients’ position about how long their job will last and whether it is seen as, chronic or episodic. Consequences: these include the effects asthma patients are anticipating from their unwellness and their positions on the result. Cure/control: Asthma patients’ outlooks as they control their asthma. These constituents are none inactive, for illustration Cameron ( 2003 ) opines they are likely to be influenced by the therapy the patients receive and these positions will in bend influence their perceptual experiences of therapy. However, these constituents make up the patients’ overall perceptual experience of their unwellness and it is utilizing this perceptual experience that the patients try to understand their unwellness, figure out how long it might last, make up ones mind what caused it, etc. It is likely that this perceptual experience may besides find how the patient positions therapy and how good they comply with intervention governments ( Cameron 2003 ) . Understanding how an asthma patient might ground out and accommodate or subject to his or her status is hence cardinal to the success of any attempt to accomplish harmony in inhaled corticoid therapy.For case, asthma patients are frequently concerned about the side or even inauspicious effects of inhaled corticoi ds. In pattern, many of these patients frequently fail to distinguish between the side effects of inhaled corticoids and those originating from the long-run usage of unwritten corticoids. It will be hard to accomplish harmony in these patients if such fears’ are non efficaciously allayed. Keeping harmony in these patients will amongst other factors depend on changeless reassurance of the comparatively low hazard of inhaled corticoids. It might be helpful to reassure these patients that the sum of steroid that gets into the blood stream via the inhaled path is really minimum and is improbable to bring forth any important systemic effects. Using a spacer device and gargling afterwards can greatly cut down any side-effects such as gruffness, oral cavity or pharynx infections that may ensue from inhaled steroids every bit good as increasing drug lung deposition. Additionally, the prescription of steroid saving medicines such as long moving bronchodilator or a leukotriene receptor adversary may be considered if clinical appraisals reveal marks or symptoms of existent concern. Wherever possible, clinician should endeavor to put patients on simplified dosage and government of inhaled corticoid. Patients may besides worry about other side effects which they read about in the cusps supplied with medicines or on the cyberspace or are told by friends and relations. In general, discoursing options or seeking solutions with the patient can easy turn to these concerns ( Barnett 2007 ) .Teenage or stripling asthmatics are a alone group of asthma patients for which it may be hard to accomplish harmony in inhaled corticoid therapy. Again, a careful consideration of the patient factors normally involved is deserving sing. The reappraisal of an asthma teenage patient by Cuffwright ( 2001 ) shed visible radiations on issues that virtue careful consideration if harmony is to be achieved in these patients. Adolescents strive to accomplish independency yet audiences largely t ake topographic point with a parent. Sensitive issues like this should be decently handled. Clinicians should move as to bespeak that they recognize that this patient group can every bit be responsible for the direction of their status with small or no support from their parents. A successful scheme has been to personally prosecute them in an grownup relationship within which they can get down to do their ain determinations ( Townsend et al, 1991 ) . Teenage asthmatics should therefore be actively involved in the control of their wheezing and be commended for any mile rock accomplishment in attention program. When attention options are discussed straight with teenage asthmatics and understanding reached through dialogue, they are less likely to yield to peer-pressure inauspicious risk-taking behavior. Most adolescents regard asthma as episodic and accept the demand to regularly usage an inspiration preventer. However, pattern nurse needs to inquire these patients about how they trul y feel about inhaled corticoid. Young asthma patients may confound corticoids with anabolic steroids used by jocks ; it is therefore of import that the perceptual experience of single patients within this age group is assessed and ins

Raising Capital as a Corporation

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Social enterprises Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

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Ecosystems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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